As coronavirus cases continue to rise in the United States, the nation has "potential" to become the next epicenter of the coronavirus pandemic, Margaret Harris, a spokesperson for the World Health Organization, said during a call with reporters on Tuesday.
Harris was asked directly: "Do you see the United States going on to become the epicenter of this outbreak, overtaking Europe?"
In response Harris said, "We are now seeing a very large acceleration in the numbers of cases from the United States — so it does have that potential. We cannot say that that is the case yet, but it does have that potential."
Earlier in the call, Harris said that the majority of the world's latest Covid-19 cases have been in European countries and the United States.
"The main drivers of the outbreak remain Europe, but also the US. So 85% of cases that have been reported in the last 24 hours have come from the European region and the US," Harris said on Tuesday.
"A lot of countries are now taking very strong measures to distance people, to really quarantine entire societies, and these have been shown to be an important way of slowing down this spread of the virus and buying some time," Harris said. "But to defeat the virus, to stop it, countries also need very aggressive targeted tactics, testing every suspected case, isolating and caring for every person known to be ill and also tracing and quarantining and finding every close contact."
Modi said the lockdown would start at midnight local time, would last for a minimum of 21 days, and would apply to all of India's 36 states and territories.
"You have seen the worldwide situations arising from the coronavirus pandemic in the news. You have also seen how the most powerful nations have become helpless in the face of this pandemic," Modi said in a live televised address to the nation on Tuesday evening ahead of the deadline.
India is the world's second most populous country and the fifth biggest economy, but so far, it has appeared to avoid the full hit of the pandemic. The country has confirmed 519 coronavirus cases, including 10 deaths and 39 patients who have been cured, according to the Ministry of Health.
A number of Indian states have ordered lockdowns in the past few days, in an attempt to stop the virus from spreading. International borders have been shut to most travelers coming from the Europe.
A protest against the country's Citizenship Amendment Act at Delhi's Shaheen Bagh was cleared by the police on Tuesday after the government prohibited all public gatherings in the city. Hundreds of women have been protesting at the site for months, expressing their solidarity with protesters who have been allegedly assaulted by police.
Modi said that the measures are necessary to protect the population, and referred to experience from other countries.
"What the experts are saying is that social distancing is the only option to combat coronavirus. That is to remain apart from each other and stay confined to within your homes. There is no other way to remain safe from coronavirus. If we have to stop the spread, we have to break the cycle of infection," he said.
"From 12 midnight today, the entire country will go under a complete lockdown to save India and for every Indian, there will be a total ban on venturing out of your homes. Therefore, I request you to remain wherever you are in this country," Modi added.
Only essential services will be operational. These include water, electricity, health services, fire services, groceries and municipal services.
All shops, commercial establishments, factories, workshops, offices, markets and places of worship will be closed and interstate buses and metros will be suspended. Construction activity will also be on a halt during this period.
Modi said if the outbreak was not dealt with properly it could set the country back decades.
"According to health experts, a minimum of 21 days is most crucial to break the cycle of infection. If we are not able to manage this pandemic in the next 21 days, the country and your family will be setback by 21 years. If we are not able to manage the next 21 days, then many families will be destroyed forever," Modi said.
To soften the economic blow from the shutdown, the Indian government announced a number of measures on Tuesday.
Deadlines to file tax returns have been extended by three months, charges on minimum bank balances have been waived and no fees will be charged for using other banks' ATMs.
The threshold for invoking insolvency has been raised to $131,000 from $1,300, India's Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said at a news conference earlier on Tuesday.
Separately, India's Labor Ministry has advised all territories to to help construction workers who are out of work because of the outbreak. The vast majority of the country's construction workers are considered as informal labor and earn their livelihood through daily wages. Around 35 million construction workers across the country are registered with construction welfare boards.
SEOUL, South Korea — It took Thomas Streetman two hours to walk out his front door, take a cab to the public health center, get tested for the coronavirus and make it back to his apartment.
The 32-year-old Ohio native — who had a slight fever — was greeted with blue tents scattered across a surprisingly barren street. Medical staff clad head-to-toe in hazmat suits conducted screenings as another fogged the sidewalk with disinfectant spray.
“It was almost militaristic,” said Streetman, who has lived in the South Korean capital for almost a decade. “They stuck a long swab up my nose pretty deep. It felt like a button poked my nerves and released my sinuses.”
Tom StreetmanGrace Moon / NBC News
Streetman, who works as a marketing manager at a gaming company in Seoul, received his negative results in less than 24 hours and is now one of more than 327,000 people out of the country’s 51 million-strong population to be tested for the novel coronavirus in South Korea since the country confirmed its first case Jan. 21.
The United States, which confirmed its first case on the same date, is suffering from the repercussions of a weeks-late start in obtaining test kits.
Since March 11, South Korea has seen a general decline in the number of new coronavirus cases, some as low as 74 and 76 each day - a stark comparison to its peak of 909 cases Feb 29.
The U.S. is one of many countries that has followed South Korea’s lead by beginning to instill drive-thru testing hubs at CVS, but the slow installation comes at a time of national panic with over 80 million Americans already under lockdown.
News that China had reported its first case of the coronavirus was enough reason for South Korean leaders and medical staff to brace themselves for the worst.
“Acting fast was the most important decision South Korea made,” said Hwang Seung-Sik, a professor at Seoul National University’s Graduate School of Public Health.
By early February, the first test was approved. Active collaboration among central and regional government officials and medical staff transpired before cases began piling up, enabling South Korea’s current testing capacity of 20,000 individuals per day at 633 different sites, including drive-through centers and even phone booths.
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This collaborative effort was just 11 days after “Patient 31,” a member of a secretive religious group called the Shincheonji Church, caused an explosion of infections in Daegu, a major city 170 miles southeast of Seoul.
The text Tom Streetman received notifying him of his negative results.Grace Moon / NBC News
Early testing meant early detection of infections in South Korea, where a relatively larger proportion of cases exhibited either no symptoms or very mild ones, according to Hwang.
“Among Shincheonji members, there were many 20- and 30-year-olds who were infected. Many of them may have never even known they were carrying the virus and recovered easily while silently infecting those around them,” Hwang said. “Early testing is why Korea hasn’t reached its breaking point yet.”
Under South Korea’s single-payer health care system, getting tested costs $134. But with a doctor’s referral or for those who’ve made contact with an infected person, testing is free. Even undocumented foreigners are urged to get tested and won’t face threats due to their status.
South Korean leaders have amped up efficiency for overwhelmed hospitals by digitally monitoring lower-risk patients under quarantine, as well as keeping close tabs on visiting travelers who are required to input their symptoms into an app.
Sites like Corona Map generate real-time updates about where current patients are located and inform proactive Koreans focused on protecting themselves.
People wait outside a pharmacy in southern Seoul to purchase their weekly ration of two masks
That people are willing to forgo privacy rights and allow the publication of sensitive information underlines the willingness to pay the digital cost of state surveillance in the name of public safety, says professor Ju Youngkee, who teaches health and data journalism at Hallym University.
According to a survey conducted last month by Seoul National University’s Graduate School of Public Health , 78.5 percent of respondents agreed that they would sacrifice the protection of their privacy rights to help prevent a national epidemic.
In South Korea though, reminders from the government aren’t delivered in the form of blanket lockdowns. Commuters wait at the platform and in subway cars, as announcements are played in different languages, including English and Chinese. A female voice lists tips such as “blocking” your mouth when coughing.
These broadcasts are one of many upgrades from the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak — a failing of the South Korean system that cost 38 lives and amounted to 186 cases, the highest number outside the Middle East.
People wait outside a pharmacy in southern Seoul to purchase their weekly ration of two masks.Grace Moon / NBC News
Now, hand sanitizer bottles are placed in front of nearly every entrance and elevator for public use. And of the 1,000 people who took part in a study by Seoul National University, 97.6 percent responded that they at least sometimes wear a mask when outside, 63.6 percent of whom said they always wear one.
“Wearing masks or self-monitoring alone isn’t foolproof to people in Korea, but taking part in these practices as a group is believed to have an impact,” said Michael Hurt, who teaches cultural theory at Korea National University of the Arts.
“This says that your individual choices may not have immediate benefit to you as an individual but will benefit the herd. That it doesn’t work unless everybody is in the game.”
Despite its apparently swift recovery from the novel coronavirus, South Korea may only be entering the beginning stages of what experts suspect to be a potentially long ride ahead.
According to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), approximately 80 percent of COVID-19 cases can be categorized as mass infections. Earlier this month, a call center in southwestern Seoul was at the epicenter of a local outbreak that generated more than 156 infections. Roughly 90 cases were traced back to a Zumba class.
“Even though the number of reported cases is declining, this may be painting an illusion of recovery,” Hwang said. “All 210,000 Shincheonji members have been tested which may account for the decline we’re seeing, but local infection clusters are emerging every day in churches, hospitals and other mundane spaces.”
South Korea has already commenced new testing on all arrivals from Europe, according to local news reports, preparing for a “second wave” of imported clusters. Even those who test negative are required to self-quarantine for 14 days.
“We are proceeding with cautious hopefulness,” Hwang said.
HONG KONG — The Chinese province of Hubei, where the coronavirus pandemic began, will on Wednesday begin allowing most of its 60 million residents to leave, ending nearly two months of lockdown and sending a strong signal of the government’s confidence that its tough measures have worked to control the outbreak.
Wuhan, the provincial capital and the city hardest hit by the virus, will remain sealed off until April 8, though public transportation there will start running again, the government said.
The easing of the lockdown is the latest sign that China appears to have successfully tamed the epidemic by placing sweeping restrictions on hundreds of millions of people, while governments elsewhere flounder. Across Europe and the United States, new cases continue to surge, medical supplies are running low and many hospitals are overwhelmed. Government officials worldwide are ordering their citizens to stay at home — much as China did to Hubei at the start of the outbreak.
The ruling Communist Party drew heavy criticism at first for its approach, which many both domestically and abroad saw as heavy-handed, even draconian. But in recent weeks, the party has aggressively promoted its strategy as a model for other countries.
The loosening also reflects the urgency with which the party wants to restart the economy, which recorded double-digit drops in certain sectors in the first quarter this year — a potentially major threat to the government’s legitimacy. Consistent economic growth is the backbone of the party’s hold on power: It promises its citizens prosperity and stability in exchange for virtually unchallenged control.
And the lifting of Hubei’s restrictions still do not mean free travel within China. Many provinces and cities have made it easier for residents to move around, but have essentially shut themselves off to travelers from elsewhere. China still faces a risk that a full resumption of travel, work and normal daily life could renew the virus’s spread, epidemiologists say.
“We need to worry about a second wave of the outbreak once restrictions are limited,” Malik Peiris, chief of virology at the University of Hong Kong, said. “It is important to be aware of it and monitor it — and be prepared to reimpose these measures if they become necessary in the future.”
Not everyone is convinced the threat has fully passed. Hours before the loosening of restrictions was announced, officials in Wuhan, after several days of reporting zero new local infections, said a doctor there had tested positive for the virus.
News reports have also claimed that health officials are finding but not publicizing a number of people with asymptomatic infections, raising fears that the virus is still silently spreading. In addition, cases continue to climb among people arriving in China from overseas.
The human cost of sealing off a province of tens of millions of people for two months may not become clear for months or even years. While experts have praised China’s stringent lockdowns for containing the virus, the measures also came at a great price to people’s livelihoods and personal liberties.
In a sign of how the outbreak — and the government’s early attempts to conceal it — has eroded public trust, the apparent absence of new infections in Wuhan was not met with universal celebration. Instead, many worried that the government had failed to disclose or discover a much larger number of infections than the 81,171 cases to date.
While China on Thursday reported zero new locally transmitted infections for the first time, users on Chinese social media the next day circulated photographs of notices from certain Wuhan neighborhoods which appeared to announce newly detected cases.
The outcry and confusion were such that the Wuhan government released a statement on its official social media account on Sunday to rebut the assertions that the authorities were hiding new cases. Some of the cases cited in the photos had already been counted and reported earlier, the government said. Another patient who had tested positive was asymptomatic, and so would be monitored but not count as a confirmed case until he showed symptoms, the statement said.
Chinese officials count only patients with both symptoms and a positive test in their official tally of confirmed cases. The approach is at odds with the World Health Organization’s guidance that all people who test positive should be considered confirmed cases regardless of whether they show symptoms.
The question of how to count asymptomatic patients is at the heart of many fears about the true extent of the outbreak in China. On Sunday, the South China Morning Post, a Hong Kong newspaper, reported that asymptomatic patients, or “silent carriers,” could constitute as much as one-third of those who test positive, citing classified Chinese government data.
Caixin, a respected Chinese magazine, reported on Tuesday that dozens of asymptomatic patients were still testing positive in Wuhan each day but being excluded from public statistics reported by the government. The article cited an anonymous member of the team for infectious disease control and prevention in Wuhan.
Even if asymptomatic patients do not become sick themselves, they may be able to infect others. Experts say there might be an unknown number of asymptomatic patients beyond those already being monitored.
“Definitely asymptomatic infections are a potential cause for concern and for transmission,” Dr. Peiris at the University of Hong Kong said. He added, though, that it was “not feasible to test thousands and thousands of people who have absolutely no symptoms to look for evidence of asymptomatic infection.”
A spokesman for China’s Center for Disease Control on Tuesday played down the risks posed by asymptomatic patients. He said the known cases of asymptomatic infections had all been found among the close contacts of confirmed patients. They will still be closely monitored and isolated, even if they are not counted as confirmed cases, the spokesman, Wu Zunyou, said.
“Will that cause more transmission? It will not,” Mr. Wu said during a news conference.
Hubei officials, in announcing the lifting of restrictions, acknowledged that normalcy was still not yet at hand. Schools will remain closed until a “scientific assessment” determines when they can safely reopen, the announcement said. Local officials should also be careful not to let a surge in travel cause a new wave of infections, it said.
There will also be limits on who is allowed to travel: Those seeking to leave Hubei must have a “green” health code from the local authorities, certifying that they are healthy. The Chinese government has been classifying citizens’ health risks using technology on their smartphones.
Even as the Hubei authorities urged caution, they also made clear their desire to restart the economies of the province and China more broadly, which essentially ground to a halt during the coronavirus outbreak.
Factories nationwide paused production, and retail sales and investment plummeted. Analysts say the entire Chinese economy may have shrunk in the first months of 2020, in what would be the country’s first economic contraction since 1976.
The Hubei authorities, in their announcement, urged local officials to restart production in an “active and orderly” fashion and to “work hard to minimize the losses caused by the epidemic, and regain normal economic and social development of the province as soon as possible.”
Israeli parliament Speaker Yuli Edelstein attends a session of the French National Assembly in Paris as part of 2018 state visit to France. The Knesset speaker is defying a Supreme Court order to allow a vote for his replacement.
JERUSALEM — Israel, racing to contain a novel coronavirus outbreak and in the grips of a months-long political stalemate, was on the brink of a constitutional crisis Tuesday as the speaker of the parliament vowed to defy a Supreme Court order that he must allow lawmakers to vote for his replacement.
Knesset Speaker Yuli Edelstein said he would continue to block moves in the newly elected parliament to elect a new leader of the body, despite an emergency court ruling that the vote be held by Wednesday.
A narrow majority of the Knesset that was sworn in last week are from parties opposed to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s Likud Party, of which Edelstein is a member. Sixty-one members of the 120-seat body signed a letter calling for Edelstein to be replaced.
Edelstein, citing the coronavirus crisis and the uncertain chances for Netanyahu rival Benny Gantz to build a governing coalition, had refused to convene the Knesset and allow the vote.
He maintained that it would destroy ongoing negotiations to form a unity government at a time of a national emergency. The court, acting on petitions filed over the weekend by members of the Knesset and pro-democracy groups, said the speaker’s refusal “undercuts the foundations of the democratic process” and ordered the vote to go forward.
Edelstein, accusing the court of interfering in the legislature’s business, said he would not comply with its “ultimatum.” Other Likud leaders also slammed the court, saying they would boycott Knesset deliberations.
“During one of the most difficult crises, the Justice system is promoting a coup in Israel,” said Transportation Minister Bezalel Smotrich, a member of the ultranationalist Yamina faction, according to Haaretz.
But activists said it was Edelstein’s threat to ignore the high court ruling that was precipitating a crisis.
“This marks the end for all of us and the beginning of anarchy,” commentator Ben Caspit wrote in the daily Maariv. “Publicly elected officials are calling for a rebellion.”
Former Supreme Court president Dorit Beinisch warned Tuesday that the standoff threatens Israel’s vaunted adherence to the rule of law.
“The implications of his refusal to accept the High Court of Justice’s ruling means utter chaos, it means breaking the basic frameworks of the democratic regime,” Beinisch said in an interview with KAN Radio.
The drama is unfolding in the midst of a worsening coronavirus crisis that has Israeli citizens largely confined to their homes as the number of infections soars. More than 200 positive cases reported overnight Monday brought the country’s total to more than 1,650. The Knesset is struggling to operate under conditions that prohibit public gatherings of any kind.
Politicians on both sides of the political standoff cite the looming health and economic disaster to justify their actions, dashing the hopes of Israelis who dared to dream the pandemic would unify the country’s fractured leadership.
Israel has a history of closing ranks at times of crisis, as rival politicians did during wars in 1967 and 1973 and during an economic collapse in the 1980s, said Amotz Asa-El, a historian and fellow at the Shalom Hartman Institute.
This time, despite fleeting signs that a deal on an emergency power-sharing arrangement between Likud and Gantz’s Blue and White party might be close, the infighting has endured even as the level of panic has risen over the novel coronavirus that causes the disease covid-19.
“This is deeply disturbing,” said Asa-El. “To the public, it is intolerable that they are continuing this political war in the middle of the medical war.”
The unprecedented political stalemate has lasted for more than a year, as three separate elections have failed to produce a governing coalition. Netanyahu’s right-wing bloc of parties won the most Knesset seats in the March 2 vote, but still fell short of majority. Last week, Gantz was granted the first shot at piecing together a government.
Since the vote, Netanyahu has become the face of Israel’s aggressive response to the outbreak. Appearing on television almost nightly, he has announced ever tighter restrictions on movement and far-reaching public surveillance, including the use of security agencies to track the cellphone data of citizens without their consent. The high court ruled that program could not continue without parliamentary oversight.
Opponents have complained that Netanyahu is orchestrating a power grab in the name of fighting the virus. His handpicked minister of justice abruptly suspended all court activities two days before Netanyahu was scheduled to begin his own trial on corruption charges.
And the prime minister’s allies have fiercely resisted the resumption of Knesset activities in which they will probably lose their long-standing majority status. One piece of proposed legalization would make it illegal for an indicted prime minister to form a new government, which would stymie Netanyahu’s hopes of staying in office.
Homebound Israelis have held virtual protest gatherings to oppose the actions. And a few hundred formed a convoy of cars, many flying black flags, heading for the Knesset in Jerusalem before they were stopped by police outside the city.
“Someone is going to have to climb down from the ladder,” Asa-El said of the political brinkmanship. “And I don’t know who it is going to be.”
LONDON (Reuters) - Roads were much quieter than usual on Tuesday after Britain went into virtual lockdown to try to curb the spread of the coronavirus, but London Underground trains were crammed with people and streets were far from deserted.
Some workers were also still mingling close together after Prime Minister Boris Johnson on Monday evening ordered people to stay at home, said most shops must close and banned social gatherings.
The unprecedented peacetime restrictions, which will last at least three weeks, are intended to stop the state-run National Health Service (NHS) being overwhelmed after the number of deaths from the coronavirus in Britain rose to 335.
But social media images showed London Underground railway trains were packed with commuters and one large retail chain suggested it wanted to stay open. There were also complaints that the advice was confusing or did not go far enough.
“I hope that people will follow this advice. If for any reason they don’t, penalties are there,” Cabinet Office minister Michael Gove told BBC TV. “People must stay at home to protect themselves, to protect the NHS and to save lives.”
Under the curbs on movement, people should leave their homes only for very limited reasons such as going to supermarkets for vital supplies or for exercise once a day.
Earlier advice for Britons to avoid gatherings was widely ignored, with people flocking to parks and beauty spots. Police will now break up gatherings of more than two people, and social events such as weddings - but not funerals - will be stopped.
Gove said stronger measures than 30-pound ($35) fines for people who flouted the new restrictions could be introduced.
People jog in Battersea Park, as the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) continues, in London, Britain, March 24, 2020. REUTERS/Dylan Martinez
“If people do persist in behaving in an antisocial way, there are stronger measures that we have,” he told ITV’s Good Morning Britain.
A snap YouGov poll found that 93 percent of Britons supported the measures, but were split on whether fines would be a sufficient deterrent. The survey found 66 percent thought the rules would be very easy or fairly easy to follow.
CONFUSION
Supermarkets said they had begun limiting the number of shoppers in stores at any one time and installing screens at checkouts to protect staff.
Sports Direct, a sports clothing chain owned by Frasers Group, initially indicated it would defy the order to close but later said it had asked the government for permission to open stores.[L8N2BH22Y]
Gove said Sports Direct was not an essential shop and should close.
There was also confusion about who should be allowed to go to work and what powers police had to enforce the new guidance.
Pictures showed London Underground trains were crammed with passengers closer than the 2-metre (6-foot) recommended distance apart.
Slideshow (16 Images)
A survey showed Britain’s economy was now shrinking at a record pace, faster than during the 2008-09 financial crisis as businesses across the services sector are shut.
The government has promised hundreds of billions of pounds in loan guarantees, grants and said it will pay wages. Finance minister Rishi Sunak was expected to announce new measures later on Tuesday to help the self-employed.
Additional reporting by Sarah Young, Paul Sandle, James Davey and David Milliken; Writing by Michael Holden and Giles Elgood, Editing by Timothy Heritage
LONDON (Reuters) - Britain awoke to a virtual lockdown on Tuesday after Prime Minister Boris Johnson ordered people to stay at home, shops to close and an end to all social gatherings to halt the spread of coronavirus.
People jog in Battersea Park, as the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) continues, in London, Britain, March 24, 2020. REUTERS/Dylan Martinez
The unprecedented peacetime restrictions, which will last for at least three weeks, were brought in to prevent the state-run National Health Service (NHS) from being overwhelmed as the number of deaths in Britain rose to 335. [nL8N2BG8XV]
However, social media images showed London Underground trains were still packed with commuters and one large retail chain suggested it wanted to stay open.
There were complaints that the advice was confusing or did not go far enough.
“It is absolutely critical for making sure our NHS is in the strongest position possible to restrict the spread,” Cabinet Office minister Michael Gove told BBC TV.
“That means restricting social contact and following the advice the government has put forward. People must stay at home to protect themselves, to protect the NHS and to save lives.”
The curbs on movement, under which people should only leave their homes for very limited reasons such as going to supermarkets or once a day for exercise, were announced in a national address by Johnson late on Monday.
He had resisted bringing in lockdowns which other European countries have introduced, but earlier advice for Britons to avoid gatherings was being widely ignored with people flocking to parks and beauty spots.
All but essential shops must close immediately and people should no longer meet family or friends. Police will break up gatherings of more than two people and social events such as weddings, although not funerals, will be stopped.
Gove said stronger measures than 30-pound ($35) fines for people who flouted the new restrictions could be introduced.
“The police have a range of enforcement tools, and of course fixed-penalty notices and fines are just one of them. If people do persist in behaving in an antisocial way, there are stronger measures that we have,” he told ITV’s Good Morning Britain.
Police said they were working with government to see how the rules could be effectively enforced.
CONFUSION
Not everyone though was abiding by the tough measures. Sports Direct, a sports clothing chain owned by Frasers Group, initially indicated it would defy the order to close but later said it had asked the government for permission to open stores.[L8N2BH22Y]
Gove said Sports Direct was not an essential shop and should close.
However, there was confusion about who should be allowed to continue going to work and what powers the police had to enforce the new guidance. Gove himself had to correct a mistaken message he gave in an earlier interview that children of divorced or separated children could not move between parents.
Pictures showed the capital’s Underground trains were still crammed with passengers far closer than the 2 meters (6 foot) recommended distance apart and London Mayor Sadiq Khan said he disagreed with the current definition of an essential worker
Slideshow (16 Images)
“There has been a difference of opinion, I’ve got to be frank, between myself and the government on this issue,” he told BBC TV. “But I am quite clear - only if you really have to go to work must you be going to work.”
Finance minister Rishi Sunak was expected to announce new measures later on Tuesday to help the self-employed so that they would not have to go to work, after critics said the billions of pounds of measures to help businesses announced so far did not protect them.
($1 = 0.8582 pounds)
Additional reporting by Sarah Young, Paul Sandle and James Davey; Writing by Michael Holden and Giles Elgood
